Ο Δημήτρης Μητρόπουλος (Αθήνα, 1 Μαρτίου 1896 - Μιλάνο 2 Νοεμβρίου 1960) ήταν
Έλληνας μαέστρος, πιανίστας και συνθέτης που έζησε το μεγαλύτερο μέρος της
ζωής του στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες.
Σπούδασε διεύθυνση χορωδίας και σύνθεση, αρχικά στο Ωδείο Αθηνών και αργότερα
Σπούδασε διεύθυνση χορωδίας και σύνθεση, αρχικά στο Ωδείο Αθηνών και αργότερα
στο Βερολίνο. Πήρε χρυσό μετάλλιο για την ικανότητα του στο πιάνο από το Ωδείο Αθηνών,
διάκριση που δόθηκε μόνο πέντε φορές στην ιστορία του Ωδείου. Οι πρώτες του συνθέσεις
είναι γραμμένες στο τονικό σύστημα αλλά με ενδιαφέροντες αρμονικούς πειραματισμούς,
οι οποίοι γύρω στα 1915 γίνονται περισσότερο τολμηροί φτάνοντας στην ατονικότητα
γύρω στα 1920.
Είναι ο πρώτος Έλληνας συνθέτης που χρησιμοποίησε στο έργο του Ostinata (μια σονάτα
Είναι ο πρώτος Έλληνας συνθέτης που χρησιμοποίησε στο έργο του Ostinata (μια σονάτα
για βιολί και πιάνο) αυστηρά δωδεκαφθογγική τεχνική.
Γύρω στα 1930 σταμάτησε ουσιαστικά τη σύνθεση και ασχολήθηκε αποκλειστικά με τη
Γύρω στα 1930 σταμάτησε ουσιαστικά τη σύνθεση και ασχολήθηκε αποκλειστικά με τη
διεύθυνση ορχήστρας, πρώτα στην Αθήνα και μετά το 1937 στις ΗΠΑ όπου και πέθανε
μετά από δύο καρδιακές προσβολές -αλλά με μεγάλο χρονικό διάστημα η μια από την άλλη-
το 1960. Στις συνθέσεις του περιλαμβάνονται περίπου 40 έργα, μεταξύ των οποίων μια όπερα
(Αδελφή Βεατρίκη), μουσική για ορχήστρα, μουσική δωματίου, έργα για πιάνο, για φωνή κ.ά. (el.wikipedia.org)
Dimitri Mitropoulos is only beginning to be remembered at the end of the 20th century,
Dimitri Mitropoulos is only beginning to be remembered at the end of the 20th century,
principally on the strength of his recordings. His sexual preference -- which can now
be openly discussed -- has made him something of a hero and martyr to the gay
community, but beyond the social issues raised by his life, his musical
legacy speaks ever louder (mp3.com)
.
Mitropoulos, Dimitri (1896-1960)
In the 1950s, at the height of his success as conductor of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, composer Dimitri Mitropoulos became the subject of rumor and innuendo concerning the open secret of his homosexuality, in effect making him yet another victim of McCarthy-era homophobia.
For Mitropoulos music was a lifelong passion. He delighted in exploring its richness and variety, and never hesitated to stage performances of works that other conductors found too challenging or complex. Twelve-tone music was his specialty.
A native of Athens, Mitropoulos took an interest in music from his earliest years. At around age six he carved himself a little wooden flute to play. A few years later his parents provided him with piano lessons, at which he quickly excelled. His musical abilities brought him to the attention of a member of the faculty of the Athens Conservatory, who arranged for the boy to audit classes there and, in 1910 when he was old enough, to enroll as a regular student.
Although Mitropoulos was devoted to music and had already composed a sonata for violin and piano while in his early teens, he planned on becoming a monk after completing his education. He was particularly drawn to the example of St. Francis of Assisi for his humility, gentleness, generosity, and respect for all others. Indeed, throughout Mitropoulos's life, he had a reputation as a sweet-natured man who shared the characteristics of his revered saint.
Mitropoulos gave up the thought of becoming a monk when his advisor in the Greek Orthodox Church informed him that no musical instruments were allowed in the monastery.
To please his father, who hoped that he would become either a lawyer or a naval officer, he briefly attended the law school of the University of Athens. It rapidly became apparent, however, that his vocation lay elsewhere, and he soon returned to the Conservatory, from which he graduated with highest honors in 1919. In addition, the faculty voted unanimously to award him a special gold medal.
During his last years at the Conservatory Mitropoulos began appearing publicly as a pianist, occasionally as an orchestral soloist. He also composed an opera, Soeur Béatrice, based on a play by Maurice Maeterlinck.
Although Mitropoulos had already recognized his homosexuality, he had a brief love affair in 1920 with Katina Paxinou, a drama student at the Conservatory. The romance soon faded, but the two remained lifelong friends, exchanging frequent letters.
Paxinou, who came from a prosperous family, helped Mitropoulos stage his opera Soeur Béatrice in Athens in 1920. Among those who attended was composer Camille Saint-Saëns, who commented favorably on the work in an article published in a Paris newspaper.
Mitropoulos continued his musical education in Belgium and in Berlin, where he studied with Ferruccio Busoni, who inspired him to concentrate on conducting rather than composition.
On Busoni's recommendation Mitropoulos was chosen as an assistant conductor of the Berlin Staatsoper in 1921. Three years later he returned to his native city to become the conductor of the Athens Symphony, a post he held for twelve years.
During his tenure in Athens, Mitropoulos was much in demand as a guest conductor and performed with most of the important orchestras of Europe.
His first trip to America came in 1936, when Serge Koussevitzky invited him to conduct the Boston Symphony Orchestra. His appearances there and in Cleveland and Minneapolis were enthusiastically received.
Mitropoulos returned to the United States the following year to become the conductor of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra.
Mitropoulos was like nothing the staid midwestern town had ever seen. His vigorous and physical conducting style was uniquely his own. Until the last years of his life he eschewed a baton, instead energetically using his whole body to communicate with the musicians.
Sans baton, Mitropoulos was also usually without a score. His amazing ability to commit every detail of vast numbers of scores to memory was legendary.
Mitropoulos considered himself a missionary of music, and part of his mission was to bring new and challenging works to audiences. Soon after arriving in Minneapolis he announced that each season would include at least three "intellectual concerts" with programs featuring modern composers such as Arnold Schönberg, Paul Hindemith, and especially Gustav Mahler, whose music he greatly admired. The public response was wildly positive. Biographer William R. Trotter notes that by 1940 "Minneapolis . . . officially had the largest per capita concert audience in America."
Mitropoulos left Minneapolis in 1949 to share with Leopold Stokowski the duties of conductor and musical adviser of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. The next year Stokowski left, and Mitropoulos was named full musical director, a position widely perceived as the most prestigious in classical music in the United States.
His tenure at the Philharmonic was marked by a number of signal successes including a concert performance of Richard Strauss's opera Elektra during his first season there and a presentation of Alban Berg's monumental atonal opera Wozzeck in 1950.
As he had in Minneapolis, Mitropoulos lived in modest lodgings in New York and avoided high-society parties. He also continued his habit of following the model of St. Francis when dealing with his musicians, leading through mutual respect and gentle persuasion rather than force and fear. The egos that he confronted at the Philharmonic made this approach problematic, however, and music critics began to carp that he was losing control of his orchestra.
Another element working against Mitropoulos was his sexual orientation, long an open secret in the music community. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, at the height of McCarthyism, it was not a good time to be known as a homosexual. Mitropoulos had always dodged questions about his bachelor status by claiming "I married my art" when queried by the press.
In a 1952 letter to a friend Mitropoulos wrote, "for me music is another expression of my unlived sexual life." Trotter states that Mitropoulos did indeed lead a celibate life in both Minneapolis and New York, although perhaps "very occasionally" not on tour, his "sexual drive . . . sublimated ruthlessly into his music-making."
Although true close friends--including composers Ned Rorem and David Diamond--viewed Mitropoulos's existence as monkish, rumor and innuendo swirled around him, often fed by orchestra members and contributing to a lack of respect for Mitropoulos on the part of his players. Ironically, among those encouraging the whispers was the closeted Leonard Bernstein, who, since he was married, could present himself as the sort of "family man" that the orchestra wanted in the decade of conformity.
Bernstein got his wish, being named co-conductor with Mitropoulos for the 1957-58 season and taking over as sole musical director the next. Typically gracious, Mitropoulos bowed out with praise for Bernstein's talent, but the loss of his position as director of the leading American orchestra was deeply hurtful to him, a wound from which he never fully recovered.
He also mentioned his desire to devote more time to "that very tempting mistress, the Metropolitan Opera," which he had also been conducting for several years and with which he had recently staged a triumphant performance of Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin.
In the last years of his life Mitropoulos undertook a demanding tour guest-conducting with European orchestras. The accumulated stress proved too great, however, and he suffered a fatal heart attack on November 2, 1960 while rehearsing Mahler's Third Symphony with the La Scala Opera House Orchestra in Milan.
Tributes poured in for Mitropoulos, not only for his prodigious musical abilities but also for his gentleness and decency as a person. "He was a dear, good man who was always so kind and full of understanding," commented diva Maria Callas.
Mitropoulos is remembered for his extreme generosity. Throughout his life he gave away nearly all his money, often to help struggling musicians and orchestras. In addition, during World War II he eschewed the opportunity to supplement his income by going on tour as a guest conductor, choosing instead to volunteer his time coordinating blood drives for the American Red Cross.
After Mitropoulos's death he was largely forgotten in the United States. One can only wonder if the lack of support from the musical community in New York contributed to this. In recent years, however, there has been renewed interest in his work, and many of his recordings have been reissued on CD so that they may be appreciated by new generations of music lovers. (glbtq.com)
Mitropoulos, Dimitri (1896-1960)
In the 1950s, at the height of his success as conductor of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, composer Dimitri Mitropoulos became the subject of rumor and innuendo concerning the open secret of his homosexuality, in effect making him yet another victim of McCarthy-era homophobia.
For Mitropoulos music was a lifelong passion. He delighted in exploring its richness and variety, and never hesitated to stage performances of works that other conductors found too challenging or complex. Twelve-tone music was his specialty.
A native of Athens, Mitropoulos took an interest in music from his earliest years. At around age six he carved himself a little wooden flute to play. A few years later his parents provided him with piano lessons, at which he quickly excelled. His musical abilities brought him to the attention of a member of the faculty of the Athens Conservatory, who arranged for the boy to audit classes there and, in 1910 when he was old enough, to enroll as a regular student.
Although Mitropoulos was devoted to music and had already composed a sonata for violin and piano while in his early teens, he planned on becoming a monk after completing his education. He was particularly drawn to the example of St. Francis of Assisi for his humility, gentleness, generosity, and respect for all others. Indeed, throughout Mitropoulos's life, he had a reputation as a sweet-natured man who shared the characteristics of his revered saint.
Mitropoulos gave up the thought of becoming a monk when his advisor in the Greek Orthodox Church informed him that no musical instruments were allowed in the monastery.
To please his father, who hoped that he would become either a lawyer or a naval officer, he briefly attended the law school of the University of Athens. It rapidly became apparent, however, that his vocation lay elsewhere, and he soon returned to the Conservatory, from which he graduated with highest honors in 1919. In addition, the faculty voted unanimously to award him a special gold medal.
During his last years at the Conservatory Mitropoulos began appearing publicly as a pianist, occasionally as an orchestral soloist. He also composed an opera, Soeur Béatrice, based on a play by Maurice Maeterlinck.
Although Mitropoulos had already recognized his homosexuality, he had a brief love affair in 1920 with Katina Paxinou, a drama student at the Conservatory. The romance soon faded, but the two remained lifelong friends, exchanging frequent letters.
Paxinou, who came from a prosperous family, helped Mitropoulos stage his opera Soeur Béatrice in Athens in 1920. Among those who attended was composer Camille Saint-Saëns, who commented favorably on the work in an article published in a Paris newspaper.
Mitropoulos continued his musical education in Belgium and in Berlin, where he studied with Ferruccio Busoni, who inspired him to concentrate on conducting rather than composition.
On Busoni's recommendation Mitropoulos was chosen as an assistant conductor of the Berlin Staatsoper in 1921. Three years later he returned to his native city to become the conductor of the Athens Symphony, a post he held for twelve years.
During his tenure in Athens, Mitropoulos was much in demand as a guest conductor and performed with most of the important orchestras of Europe.
His first trip to America came in 1936, when Serge Koussevitzky invited him to conduct the Boston Symphony Orchestra. His appearances there and in Cleveland and Minneapolis were enthusiastically received.
Mitropoulos returned to the United States the following year to become the conductor of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra.
Mitropoulos was like nothing the staid midwestern town had ever seen. His vigorous and physical conducting style was uniquely his own. Until the last years of his life he eschewed a baton, instead energetically using his whole body to communicate with the musicians.
Sans baton, Mitropoulos was also usually without a score. His amazing ability to commit every detail of vast numbers of scores to memory was legendary.
Mitropoulos considered himself a missionary of music, and part of his mission was to bring new and challenging works to audiences. Soon after arriving in Minneapolis he announced that each season would include at least three "intellectual concerts" with programs featuring modern composers such as Arnold Schönberg, Paul Hindemith, and especially Gustav Mahler, whose music he greatly admired. The public response was wildly positive. Biographer William R. Trotter notes that by 1940 "Minneapolis . . . officially had the largest per capita concert audience in America."
Mitropoulos left Minneapolis in 1949 to share with Leopold Stokowski the duties of conductor and musical adviser of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. The next year Stokowski left, and Mitropoulos was named full musical director, a position widely perceived as the most prestigious in classical music in the United States.
His tenure at the Philharmonic was marked by a number of signal successes including a concert performance of Richard Strauss's opera Elektra during his first season there and a presentation of Alban Berg's monumental atonal opera Wozzeck in 1950.
As he had in Minneapolis, Mitropoulos lived in modest lodgings in New York and avoided high-society parties. He also continued his habit of following the model of St. Francis when dealing with his musicians, leading through mutual respect and gentle persuasion rather than force and fear. The egos that he confronted at the Philharmonic made this approach problematic, however, and music critics began to carp that he was losing control of his orchestra.
Another element working against Mitropoulos was his sexual orientation, long an open secret in the music community. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, at the height of McCarthyism, it was not a good time to be known as a homosexual. Mitropoulos had always dodged questions about his bachelor status by claiming "I married my art" when queried by the press.
In a 1952 letter to a friend Mitropoulos wrote, "for me music is another expression of my unlived sexual life." Trotter states that Mitropoulos did indeed lead a celibate life in both Minneapolis and New York, although perhaps "very occasionally" not on tour, his "sexual drive . . . sublimated ruthlessly into his music-making."
Although true close friends--including composers Ned Rorem and David Diamond--viewed Mitropoulos's existence as monkish, rumor and innuendo swirled around him, often fed by orchestra members and contributing to a lack of respect for Mitropoulos on the part of his players. Ironically, among those encouraging the whispers was the closeted Leonard Bernstein, who, since he was married, could present himself as the sort of "family man" that the orchestra wanted in the decade of conformity.
Bernstein got his wish, being named co-conductor with Mitropoulos for the 1957-58 season and taking over as sole musical director the next. Typically gracious, Mitropoulos bowed out with praise for Bernstein's talent, but the loss of his position as director of the leading American orchestra was deeply hurtful to him, a wound from which he never fully recovered.
He also mentioned his desire to devote more time to "that very tempting mistress, the Metropolitan Opera," which he had also been conducting for several years and with which he had recently staged a triumphant performance of Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin.
In the last years of his life Mitropoulos undertook a demanding tour guest-conducting with European orchestras. The accumulated stress proved too great, however, and he suffered a fatal heart attack on November 2, 1960 while rehearsing Mahler's Third Symphony with the La Scala Opera House Orchestra in Milan.
Tributes poured in for Mitropoulos, not only for his prodigious musical abilities but also for his gentleness and decency as a person. "He was a dear, good man who was always so kind and full of understanding," commented diva Maria Callas.
Mitropoulos is remembered for his extreme generosity. Throughout his life he gave away nearly all his money, often to help struggling musicians and orchestras. In addition, during World War II he eschewed the opportunity to supplement his income by going on tour as a guest conductor, choosing instead to volunteer his time coordinating blood drives for the American Red Cross.
After Mitropoulos's death he was largely forgotten in the United States. One can only wonder if the lack of support from the musical community in New York contributed to this. In recent years, however, there has been renewed interest in his work, and many of his recordings have been reissued on CD so that they may be appreciated by new generations of music lovers. (glbtq.com)
5 σχόλια:
Επίσης, ένα κομμάτι που έχει ενδιαφέρον είναι αυτό:
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Από τον καιρό ακόμα που ο Leonard Bernstein σπούδαζε στο Ινστιτούτο Curtis, προσπαθούσε να εισέλθει στον κύκλο του Serge Koussevitzky ο οποίος είχε τις υποψίες του για την αμφιφυλοφιλία του Bernstein. Ο τελευταίος ανακοίνωσε στις αρχές του 1947 τους αρραβώνες του με την Felicia Montealegre, ενώ δεν έχανε ευκαιρία να εξαπολύσει μύδρους κατά των ομοφυλοφίλων.
Το 1948 το διοικητικό συμβούλιο της Ορχήστρας της Βοστώνης αναζητούσε τον διάδοχο του Serge Koussevitzky και οι υποψήφιοι μαέστροι ήταν δύο: Ο Δημήτρης Μητρόπουλος και ο Αλσατός Charles Munch, o οποίος είχε προωθηθεί και πολύ λόγω της εξαιρετικά γενναίας στάσης του ως μέλος της Γαλλικής Αντίστασης.
Καθοριστικό ρόλο στη τελική απόφαση θα έπαιζε η επιθυμία των μελών του διοικητικού συμβουλίου όπου κυριαρχούσε ο γηραιός κ. Cabot του οποίου οι απόψεις περί «ηθικής» εθεωρούντο πολύ αυστηρές ακόμα και από τους Βοστωνέζους!
Υπάρχουν δύο εκδοχές για το τι συνέβη τότε με την πρώτη να την διηγείται στον Μητρόπουλο ο ίδιος ο Bernstein με απίστευτη μνησικακία και απανθρωπιά, ενώ την δεύτερη την αφηγήθηκε ένα μέλος του διοικητικού συμβουλίου στον πιανίστα Jack Lowe.
Σύμφωνα με την πρώτη εκδοχή, ο Bernstein πλησίασε τον Serge Koussevitzky και του είπε ότι ο Μητρόπουλος είναι ομοφυλόφιλος, εξοπλίζοντάς τον έτσι με νέα επιχειρήματα που θα έβγαζαν τον μαέστρο εκτός της «κούρσας» διαδοχής.
Σύμφωνα με την δεύτερη ο Serge Koussevitzky που μισούσε τον Μητρόπουλο, έπιασε τον Bernstein και του υποσχέθηκε διάφορα αν του έδινε «όπλα» κατά του Μητρόπουλου!
Ο Μητρόπουλος έχασε την θέση, αλλά υπήρξε και άλλη ανατροπή: Ο Serge Koussevitzky εισηγήθηκε στο διοικητικό συμβούλιο να οριστεί διαδοχός του ο Bernstein αντί του Charles Munch, όντας σίγουρος ότι το διοικητικό συμβούλιο δεν θα επέτρεπε την αλλαγή φρουράς υπο το κράτος μιας αναγκαστικής παραίτησης με την οποία απείλησε αν δεν όριζαν αντικατάστάτη του τον Leonard.
Όμως τα «παιχνίδια» με την «ηθική» είναι δίκοπα μαχαίρια: Ετσι το διοικητικό συμβούλιο έκρινε ακατάλληλο τον Bernstein για την θέση διότι ήταν νέος, Αμερικανός και όχι Ευρωπαίος, εγνωσμένος αριστερός (για τα μέτρα της Βοστώνης), είχε σχέσεις με το Μπροντγουαίη, το οποίο σε συνδυασμό με το ότι ήταν Εβραίος ήταν για τους Βοστωνέζους εξίσου κατακριτέα όσο και οποιαδήποτε σεξουαλική διαστροφή. Σε ηλικία 75 ετών ο Serge Koussevitzky βρέθηκε χωρίς εργασία, καθώς έγινε αποδεκτή η παραίτησή του, και πέθανε ενάμιση χρόνο αργότερα αφού προηγουμένως είχε αναγκαστεί για να ζήσει να διευθύνει «δεύτερες» και «τρίτες» ορχήστρες.
Τον Δεκέμβριο του 1948 η Φιλαρμονική Ορχήστρα της Νέας Υόρκης ανακοίνωσε ότι οι Δημήτρης Μητρόπουλος και Leopold Stokowski είχαν ανακηρυχθεί συνδιευθυντές της.
http://culture.ana.gr/view5.php?id=788&pid=375
"Ironically, among those encouraging the whispers was the closeted Leonard Bernstein, who, since he was married, could present himself as the sort of "family man" that the orchestra wanted in the decade of conformity"
Δυστυχώς η όλη υπόθεση έχει απίστευτες ομοιότητες με ιστορίες που γνωρίζω από τη σύγχρονη Ελλάδα...
Επίσης λέγεται ότι ο Μητρόπουλος και ο Μπερνστάιν υπήρξαν για ένα διάστημα εραστές.
Και στην αγγλική wikipedia διαβάζω για τον Μπερνστάιν:
During his young adult years in New York City, Bernstein enjoyed an exuberant social life that included relationships with both men and women. After a long internal struggle and a turbulent on-and-off engagement, he married Chilean actress Felicia Montealegre Cohn on September 9, 1951, reportedly in order to increase his chances of obtaining the chief conducting position with the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Dimitri Mitropoulos, conductor of the New York Philharmonic and Bernstein's mentor, advised him that marrying would help counter the gossip about him and appease the conservative BSO board.
Είναι θλιβερό να γράφονται τέτοιες μονογραφίες σαν του Trotter για τον Μητρόπουλο στο εξωτερικό και εμείς ακόμα να το κρατάμε κρυφό (;) στην Ελλάδα, ενώ φυσικά οι δικοί μας μουσικοί και μουσικολόγοι ξέρουν πολλά περισσότερα (και από γράμματα του Μητρόπουλου που δεν βγαίνουν στο φως ή έχουν καεί και από προσωπικές τους εμπειρίες). Και να πω ότι η ομοφυλοφιλία του Μητρόπουλου και η ομοφυλοφοβία της εποχής του δεν ήταν καθοριστικής σημασίας για τη ζωή, την καριέρα του και τις επιλογές του; Αν είναι αλήθεια αυτά που έχω ακούσει από γνωστό Έλληνα συνθέτη (off the record πάντα) για τον Μητρόπουλο, εξιστορώντας περιστατικά που έχει ζήσει ο ίδιος, είναι πολύ πιθανόν ακόμα και η επιλογή του Μητρόπουλου να εγκαταλείψει τη σύνθεση να οφειλόταν σε μεγάλο βαθμό στο "κράξιμο" που αντιμετώπισε, ανεπίσημα και επίσημα, από Έλληνες και ξένους (κυρίως όμως από τους πρώτους). Θα κάνω μια ανάρτηση με την ευκαιρία, λέω να περιμένω όμως και τα υπόλοιπα από τον erva, για να παραπέμπω εκεί! :-) Καλές διακοπές!
Για το περιστατικό με τον Bernstein, δείτε την άποψη του Alex Ross, ενώ ο Takis Theodoracopulos λέει τα εξής:
"But Mitropoulos was no drag-ass queen à la Lenny Bernstein. He sublimated his sexuality to his music, and outside his art he read voraciously—he would read Thomas Mann and Proust while waiting for the start of a concert, climbed mountains for exercise and lived the most Spartan of lives. There are those, including William Trotter, who believe Bernstein had it in for the saintly genius because Mitropoulos had rejected a crude pass by the American. Bernstein married a Chilean beauty, produced three children, and at the end showed his marriage to be a mockery. Mitropoulos never married, and while he pondered Kierkegaard, Lenny cruised. Both were extremely musical, but in the end the careerist celebrity won through."
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